HISTORY
Spanish
settlers established the raising of cattle, sugarcane, and tobacco
as Cuba's primary economic pursuits. As the native Indian population
died out, African slaves were imported to work the ranches and
plantations. Slavery was abolished in 1886.
Cuba
was the last major Spanish colony to gain independence, following
a lengthy struggle begun in 1868. Jose Marti, Cuba's national
hero, helped initiate the final push for independence in 1895.
In 1898, after the USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor on February
15 due to an explosion of undetermined origin, the United States
entered the conflict. In December of that year Spain relinquished
control of Cuba to the United States with the Treaty of Paris.
On May 20, 1902, the United States granted Cuba its independence
but retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence
and stability under the Platt Amendment. In 1934, the amendment
was repealed, and the United States and Cuba agreed to continue
the 1903 agreement that leased the Guantanamo Bay naval base to
the United States.
Independent
Cuba was often ruled by authoritarian political and military figures
who either obtained or remained in power by force. Fulgencio Batista,
an army sergeant, organized a non-commissioned officer revolt
in September 1933 and wielded significant power behind the scenes
until he was elected president in 1940. Batista was voted out
of office in 1944 and did not run in 1948. Both those elections
were won by civilian political figures with the support of party
organizations. Running for president again in 1952, Batista seized
power in a bloodless coup 3 months before the election was to
take place, suspended the balloting, and began ruling by decree.
Many political figures and movements that wanted a return to the
government according to the Constitution of 1940 disputed Batista's
undemocratic rule.
Fidel
Castro, who had been active politically before Batista's coup,
on July 26, 1953 led a failed attack on the Moncada army barracks
in Santiago de Cuba in which more than 100 died. After defending
himself in a trial open to national and international media, he
was jailed, and subsequently was freed in an act of clemency,
before going into exile in Mexico. There he organized the 26th
of July Movement with the goal of overthrowing Batista, and the
group sailed to Cuba on board the yacht Granma, landing in the
eastern part of the island in December 1956.
Batista's
dictatorial rule fueled increasing popular discontent and the
rise of many active urban and rural resistance groups, a fertile
political environment for Castro's 26th of July Movement. Faced
with a corrupt and ineffective military itself dispirited by a
U.S. Government embargo on weapons sales to Cuba and public indignation
and revulsion at his brutality toward opponents, Batista fled
on January 1, 1959. Although he had promised a return to constitutional
rule and democratic elections along with social reforms, Castro
used his control of the military to consolidate his power by repressing
all dissent from his decisions, marginalizing other resistance
figures, and imprisoning or executing thousands of opponents.
An estimated 3,200 people were executed by the Castro regime between
1959-62 alone. As the revolution became more radical, hundreds
of thousands of Cubans fled the island.
Castro declared Cuba a socialist state on April 16, 1961. For the next 30 years, Castro pursued close relations with the Soviet Union and worked in concert with the geopolitical goals of Soviet communism, funding and fomenting violent subversive and insurrectional activities, as well as military adventurism, until the demise of the U.S.S.R. in 1991.
Relations between the United States and Cuba deteriorated rapidly as the Cuban regime expropriated U.S. properties and moved toward adoption of a one-party communist system. In response, the United States imposed an embargo on Cuba in October 1960, and, in response to Castro's provocations, broke diplomatic relations on January 3, 1961. Tensions between the two governments peaked during the October 1962 missile crisis.
