GOVERNMENT
Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the MPLA to a nominal multiparty democracy following the 1992 elections, in which President dos Santos won the first-round election with 49% of the vote to Jonas Savimbi's 40%; a runoff never took place. The Constitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The government is based on ordinances, decrees, and decisions issued by a president and his ministers or through legislation produced by the National Assembly and approved by the president. The Assembly is generally subordinate to the executive.
Angola is governed by a president who is assisted by a prime minister and 31 cabinet ministers, all appointed by the president. Political power is concentrated in the presidency. The executive branch of the government is composed of the president (head of state and government), the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, composed of all government ministers and vice ministers, meets regularly to discuss policy issues. The president, the Council of Ministers, and individual ministers in their areas of competence have the ability to legislate by decree.
Of the 220 deputies in the National Assembly, 130 are elected at large, and 5 are elected to represent each of the 18 provinces. The Electoral Law also calls for the election of three additional deputies to represent citizens living abroad; however, those positions were not filled in the 1992 elections. Following the 1992 elections, the ruling MPLA controlled 59% of the Assembly's seats.
On June 4, 2008 President dos Santos officially called for legislative elections to be held on September 5, 2008, Angola’s first election since 1992. The announcement followed a voter registration process that registered over 8 million Angolans. Due to technical difficulties on election day, voting was extended through September 6. As a result of the elections, which have been widely accepted by the international community as having reflected the will of the Angolan people, the MPLA won 81.6 percent of the electorate giving it 190 out of 220 seats in parliament. The remaining 30 parliamentary seats were won by the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITA (16), the Social Renewal Party (PRS) (8), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) (3), and Nova Democracia (2).
Presidential elections are planned for 2009, with municipal elections to follow. The central government administers the country through 18 provinces. Governors of the provinces are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president. The government has embarked on a program of decentralization, and in August 2007 the Council of Ministers passed a resolution to grant 50 municipalities control of their own budgets.
The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented. Courts operate in only a fraction of the 164 municipalities. A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization. Recently, the Supreme Court has acted as a Constitutional Court.
The 27-year-long civil war ravaged the country's political and social institutions. The government estimates that 4.7 million people were internally displaced by the civil war. In March 2007, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and Angola jointly celebrated the end of a 5-year organized voluntary repatriation program that returned home more than 400,000 Angolan refugees. UNHCR and the Angolan Government estimate that over 200,000 refugees remain outside Angola, and the government has assured that all remaining refugees have the right to return. Daily conditions of life throughout the country mirror the inadequate administrative infrastructure as well as weak social institutions. Government support for social institutions is often inadequate. Many hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment, schools are without books, and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day-to-day work.
Principal
Government Officials
President--Jose Eduardo dos Santos
Prime Minister—Antonio Paulo Kassoma
Minister of the Economy—Manuel Nunes Junior
Minister of External Affairs—Assuncao Afonso dos Anjos
Minister of the Interior--Roberto Leal Monteiro Ngongo
Minister of Finance—Eduardo Leopoldo Severim de Morais
Minister of Defense--Kundi Paihama
Minister of Petroleum—Jose Maria Botelho de Vasconcelos
Minister of Planning--Ana Afonso Dias Lourenço
Ambassador to the United States--Josefina Perpetua Pitra Diakite
Permanent Representative to the United Nations--Ismael Gaspar Martins
Angola
maintains an embassy in the
United States at 2100-2108 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20009
(tel. 202-785-1156; fax 202-785-1258; web: www.angola.org).
Type: Republic.
Independence: November 11, 1975.
Branches: Executive--elected president (chief of state), appointed prime minister, and 31 appointed civilian ministers and 55 vice ministers. Legislative--elected National Assembly (223 seats). Judicial--Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Administrative subdivisions: Province, municipality, commune.
Political parties: 98 with legal status; in 1992, 12 won seats in the National Assembly. Ruling party--Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Opposition--National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), Social Renewal Party (PRS), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), Party for Democratic Progress - Angola National Alliance (PDP-ANA), Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers, and Peasants (PAJOCA), Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Democratic Alliance (AD), Angolan Democratic Forum (FDA), Social Democratic Party (PSD), Front for Democracy (FPD), and the Angolan National Democratic Party (PNDA).
Suffrage: Universal age 18 and over.
